Uhlelo Lokukhiqiza Amanzi Lomjovo Nge-Heat Exchanger

Incazelo yomkhiqizo

Amanzi omjovo asetshenziswa kakhulu ekulungiseni okuyinyumba ekukhiqizeni amalungiselelo angenalutho.Izidingo zekhwalithi zamanzi omjovo zilawulwa ngokuqinile kuma-pharmacopoeias.Ngaphezu kwezinto ezijwayelekile zokuhlola amanzi acwengekile, njenge-acidity, i-chloride, i-sulfate, i-calcium, i-ammonium, i-carbon dioxide, izinto ezi-oxidizable kalula, izinto ezingaguquki, nezinsimbi ezisindayo, idinga futhi ukuphumelela ukuhlolwa kwe-pyrogen.I-GMP ikubeka ngokusobala ukuthi ukulungiswa, ukugcinwa, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile namanzi omjovo kufanele kuvimbele ukwanda nokungcoliswa kwamagciwane.Izinto ezisetshenziselwa amathangi okugcina namapayipi kufanele zingabi nobuthi futhi zimelane nokugqwala.

Izidingo zekhwalithi zemishini yokuhlanza amanzi ngomjovo zimi kanje:

Amanzi omjovo asetshenziswa njengesinyibilikisi sokulungiselela izixazululo zomjovo kanye nama-agent okugeza oyinyumba, noma ukugeza izitsha (ukugeza okunembayo), ukugeza okokugcina kwezivalo zenjoloba, ukukhiqizwa kwesitimu esihlanzekile, nezinyibilikisi zempushana ezincibilika emtholampilo zemijovo yempushana eyinyumba, infusions, imijovo yamanzi, njll. Ngenxa yokuthi imithi elungisiwe ijovwe ngqo emzimbeni ngokusebenzisa imisipha noma i-intravenous, izidingo zekhwalithi ziphakeme kakhulu futhi kufanele zihlangabezane nezidingo zemijovo ehlukahlukene mayelana nobunyumba, ukungabi khona kwama-pyrogens, ukucaca, ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kufanele kube. > 1MΩ/cm, i-endotoxin yebhaktheriya engu-<0.25EU/ml, kanye ne-microbial index <50CFU/ml.

Amanye amazinga ekhwalithi yamanzi kufanele ahlangabezane nezinkomba zamakhemikhali amanzi ahlanzekile futhi abe nengqikithi ephansi kakhulu ye-organic carbon concentration (izinga le-ppb).Lokhu kungagadwa ngokuqondile kusetshenziswa i-organic carbon analyzer ekhethekile, engafakwa emanzini omjovo noma ukubuyisela ipayipi ukuze kuqashwe kanyekanye ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kanye namanani okushisa.Ngaphezu kokuhlangabezana nezidingo zamanzi ahlanzekile, amanzi omjovo kufanele futhi abe nesibalo sebhaktheriya esingu-<50CFU/ml futhi aphumelele ukuhlolwa kwe-pyrogen.

Ngokwemithetho ye-GMP, amanzi ahlanziwe kanye nezinhlelo zamanzi omjovo kumele ziqinisekiswe yi-GMP ngaphambi kokuthi zisetshenziswe.Uma umkhiqizo udinga ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kufanele futhi uhambisane nezidingo ezihambisanayo ze-USP, i-FDA, i-cGMP, njll. Ukuze kube lula ukubhekisela kanye namasu ahlukahlukene okwelapha ukususa ukungcola emanzini, Ithebula loku-1 libala izidingo zekhwalithi yamanzi ze-USP. I-GMP kanye nemiphumela yamasu ahlukahlukene okwelapha okukhipha ukungcola emanzini njengoba kufakwe kumhlahlandlela wokuqalisa we-GMP waseChina.Ukulungiswa, ukugcinwa, nokusatshalaliswa kwamanzi omjovo kufanele kuvimbele ukwanda nokungcoliswa kwamagciwane.Izinto ezisetshenziselwa amathangi okugcina namapayipi kufanele zingabi nobuthi futhi zimelane nokugqwala.Ukuklanywa nokufakwa kwamapayipi kufanele kugweme iziphetho ezifile kanye namapayipi angaboni.Imijikelezo yokuhlanza nokuvala inzalo kufanele kusungulwe amathangi okugcina kanye namapayipi.Imbobo yokufaka umoya yethangi lokugcina amanzi lomjovo kufanele ifakwe nesihlungi se-hydrophobic bactericidal esingachithi imicu.Amanzi omjovo angagcinwa ngokusebenzisa ukufakwa kwezinga lokushisa ngaphezu kuka-80℃, ukujikeleza kwezinga lokushisa ngaphezu kuka-65℃, noma ukugcinwa ngaphansi kuka-4℃.

Amapayipi asetshenziselwa okokugeza ngaphambi kwesikhathi emanzini omjovo ngokuvamile asebenzisa amapulasitiki obunjiniyela be-ABS noma i-PVC, i-PPR, noma ezinye izinto ezifanele.Kodwa-ke, isistimu yokusabalalisa amanzi ahlanzekile namanzi omjovo kufanele isebenzise izinto zamapayipi ezihambisanayo zokubulala amagciwane ngamakhemikhali, ukufakwa kwe-pasteurization, ukuvala inzalo yokushisa, njll., njenge-PVDF, i-ABS, i-PPR, futhi okungcono kakhulu insimbi engagqwali, ikakhulukazi uhlobo lwe-316L.Insimbi engagqwali yitemu elivamile, uma sikhuluma ngokuqinile, ihlukaniswe ngensimbi engagqwali nensimbi engamelana ne-asidi.Insimbi engagqwali iwuhlobo lwensimbi olumelana nokugqwala ngenxa yemithombo yezindaba ebuthakathaka njengomoya, isitimu, namanzi, kodwa ayimelani nokugqwala ngamakhemikhali anolaka njengama-asidi, ama-alkali, nosawoti, futhi enezinto ezingenasici.

(I) Izici zamanzi omjovo Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthelela wejubane lokugeleza ekukhuleni kwama-microorganisms epayipini kufanele ucatshangelwe.Lapho inombolo ye-Reynolds Re ifinyelela ku-10,000 futhi yenza ukugeleza okuzinzile, ingakwazi ukudala izimo ezingezinhle zokukhula kwama-microorganisms.Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma imininingwane yokuklanywa nokukhiqizwa kwesistimu yamanzi inganakwa, okuholela ekugelezeni kwesivinini esiphansi kakhulu, izindonga zamapayipi amagebhugebhu, noma amapayipi angaboni emehlweni epayipini, noma ukusebenzisa ama-valve angafanelekile ngokwesakhiwo, njll., ama-microorganisms angase ahluke ngokuphelele. bathembele ezimeni ezihlosiwe ezibangelwa yilokhu ukuze bazakhele indawo yokuzalela - i-biofilm, eletha ubungozi kanye nezinkinga ekusebenzeni nasekuphathweni kwansuku zonke kwamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nezinhlelo zamanzi omjovo.

(II) Izidingo eziyisisekelo zamasistimu amanzi omjovo

Uhlelo lwamanzi lomjovo lwakhiwe izinto zokuhlanza amanzi, okokugcina, amaphampu okusabalalisa, namapayipi.Isistimu yokuhlanza amanzi ingase ibe ngaphansi kokungcoliswa kwangaphandle okuvela emanzini aluhlaza kanye nezici zangaphandle.Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi aluhlaza kuwumthombo oyinhloko wangaphandle wokungcola kwezinhlelo zokuhlanza amanzi.I-US Pharmacopeia, i-European Pharmacopeia, ne-Chinese Pharmacopeia zonke zidinga ngokusobala ukuthi amanzi aluhlaza wamanzi ekhemisi kufanele ahlangabezane okungenani nezindinganiso zekhwalithi zamanzi okuphuza.Uma izinga lamanzi okuphuza lingafinyelelwanga, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokwelashwa kwangaphambili.Njengoba i-Escherichia coli iwuphawu lokungcoliswa kwamanzi okuphawulekayo, kunezidingo ezicacile ze-Escherichia coli emanzini okuphuza emazweni omhlaba.Amanye amabhaktheriya angcolisayo awahlukaniswanga futhi amelelwa kumazinga “njengenani eliphelele lamagciwane”.I-China ibeka umkhawulo wamabhaktheriya ayi-100/ml ngenani eliphelele lesibalo samagciwane, okubonisa ukuthi kukhona ukungcoliswa kwamagciwane emanzini aluhlaza okuhlangabezana nezinga lamanzi okuphuza, futhi amagciwane ayinhloko angcolisayo abeka engcupheni izinhlelo zokwelashwa kwamanzi ama-bacterium angenayo i-Gram-negative.Ezinye izinto ezifana nezimbobo zokungenisa umoya ezingavikelekile emathangeni okugcina noma ukusetshenziswa kwezihlungi zegesi ezisezingeni eliphansi, noma ukugeleza kwamanzi aphuma ezindaweni ezingcolile, nakho kungabangela ukungcola kwangaphandle.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukungcola kwangaphakathi ngesikhathi sokulungiswa nokusebenza kohlelo lokuhlanza amanzi.Ukungcola kwangaphakathi kuhlobene eduze nomklamo, ukukhethwa kwezinto, ukusebenza, ukugcinwa, ukugcinwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokuhlanza amanzi.Izinto ezihlukahlukene zokuhlanza amanzi zingaba imithombo yangaphakathi yokungcoliswa kwamagciwane, njengama-microorganisms emanzini aluhlaza akhangiswa endaweni yekhabhoni ecushiwe, ama-ion exchange resins, ulwelwesi olucwebezelayo, nezinye izinto zokusebenza, ezakha ama-biofilms.Ama-microorganisms ahlala ku-biofilms avikelwe ama-biofilms futhi ngokuvamile awathintwa izibulala-magciwane.Omunye umthombo wokungcola ukhona ohlelweni lokusabalalisa.Ama-microorganisms angakha amakoloni endaweni yamapayipi, ama-valve, nezinye izindawo futhi andise lapho, enze ama-biofilms, ngaleyo ndlela abe imithombo eqhubekayo yokungcola.Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe zinezindinganiso eziqinile zokuklama izinhlelo zokuhlanza amanzi.

(III) Izindlela zokusebenza zamasistimu amanzi omjovo

Uma kucatshangelwa ukuhlanzwa okujwayelekile kanye nokubulala amagciwane ohlelweni lokusabalalisa amapayipi, kuvame ukuba nezinhlobo ezimbili zokusebenza zamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nezinhlelo zamanzi omjovo.Enye iwukusebenza kwenqwaba, lapho amanzi ekhiqizwa ngamaqoqo, afana nemikhiqizo.Umsebenzi "wenqwaba" ungowokucatshangelwa kokuphepha, njengoba le ndlela ingahlukanisa inani elithile lamanzi ngesikhathi sokuhlola kuze kuphothulwe ukuhlola.Okunye ukukhiqiza okuqhubekayo, okwaziwa ngokuthi "ukusebenza okuqhubekayo", lapho amanzi angakhiqizwa ngenkathi esetshenziswa.

IV) Ukuphathwa kwansuku zonke kohlelo lwamanzi omjovo Ukuphathwa kwansuku zonke kohlelo lwamanzi, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza nokugcinwa kahle, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe futhi kusetshenziswe ngendlela evamile.Ngakho-ke, kufanele kusungulwe uhlelo lokuqapha nokuvikela ukugcinwa kwamanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhlelo lwamanzi luhlala lusesimweni esilawulwayo.Lokhu okuqukethwe kufaka phakathi:

Izinqubo zokusebenza kanye nokugcinwa kwesistimu yamanzi;
Uhlelo lokuqapha lwamapharamitha abalulekile ekhwalithi yamanzi kanye nemingcele yokusebenza, okuhlanganisa ukulinganiswa kwamathuluzi abalulekile;
Uhlelo oluvamile lokubulala amagciwane/ukukhipha inzalo;
Uhlelo lokuvikela lokugcinwa kwezinto zokuhlanza amanzi;
Izindlela zokuphatha zemishini ebalulekile yokuhlanza amanzi (okuhlanganisa izingxenye ezinkulu), amasistimu okusabalalisa amapayipi, nezimo zokusebenza.

Izidingo zemishini yokwelapha ngaphambilini:

Imishini yokwelapha ngaphambilini yamanzi ahlanziwe kufanele ifakwe ngokwezinga lamanzi lamanzi aluhlaza, futhi imfuneko iwukuba kuqala uhlangabezane nezinga lamanzi okuphuza.
Izihlungi zemidiya exubile nezithambisa amanzi kufanele zikwazi ukwenza i-backwashing ezenzakalelayo, ukukhiqiza kabusha, nokukhipha.
Izihlungi ze-carbon activated izindawo lapho izinto eziphilayo zinqwabelana khona.Ukuze uvimbele ukungcoliswa kwe-endotoxin yebhaktheriya nebhaktheriya, ngaphezu kwemfuneko yokuwashwa kabusha okuzenzakalelayo, ukukhishwa kwe-steam disinfection nakho kungasetshenziswa.
Njengoba ukushuba kwe-wavelength engu-255 nm yokukhanya kwe-UV okubangelwa i-UV kuhambisana nesikhathi, amathuluzi anesikhathi sokurekhoda namamitha wokuqina ayadingeka.Ingxenye ecwilisiwe kufanele isebenzise insimbi engagqwali engu-316L, futhi isembozo sesibani se-quartz kufanele sisuseke.
Amanzi ahlanziwe ngemva kokudlula ku-mix-bed deionizer kufanele asakazwe ukuze kuzinziswe ikhwalithi yamanzi.Kodwa-ke, i-mix-bed deionizer ingasusa kuphela ama-cations nama-anion emanzini, futhi ayisebenzi ekususeni ama-endotoxins.

Izidingo zokukhiqiza amanzi omjovo (isitimu esihlanzekile) ngezinto zokuhlanza amanzi: Amanzi omjovo angatholakala ngokucwenga, i-osmosis ehlehlayo, i-ultrafiltration, njll. Amazwe ahlukahlukene acacise izindlela ezicacile zokukhiqiza amanzi omjovo, njenge:

I-United States Pharmacopeia (ushicilelo lwama-24) ithi “amanzi omjovo kufanele atholwe ngokuhluzwa kwamanzi noma ngokuhlehlisa i-osmosis yokuhlanza amanzi ahlangabezana nezimfuneko ze-American Water and Environmental Protection Association, i-European Union, noma izimfuneko zomthetho zaseJapane.”
I-European Pharmacopeia (uhlelo luka-1997) ithi “amanzi omjovo atholakala ngokuhluzwa kwamanzi afanelekayo ahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho zamanzi okuphuza noma amanzi ahlanzekile.”
I-Chinese Pharmacopeia (uhlelo luka-2000) icacisa ukuthi "lo mkhiqizo (amanzi omjovo) ungamanzi atholakala ngokuhluzwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile."Kungabonakala ukuthi amanzi ahlanzekile atholwe ngokukhithiza ayindlela eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke ekhethwayo yokukhiqiza amanzi omjovo, kuyilapho isitimu esihlanzekile singatholakala kusetshenziswa umshini ofanayo wamanzi wokucwiliswa kwe-distillation noma ijeneretha yesitimu ehlanzekile ehlukile.

I-distillation inomphumela omuhle wokususwa ezintweni eziphilayo ezingaguquguquki nezinto ezingaphili, okuhlanganisa okuqinile okumisiwe, ama-colloid, amagciwane, amagciwane, ama-endotoxin, nokunye ukungcola emanzini aluhlaza.Isakhiwo, ukusebenza, izinto zensimbi, izindlela zokusebenza, kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi aluhlaza omshini wamanzi wokuhluza konke kuzothinta ikhwalithi yamanzi omjovo."I-multi-effect" yomshini wamanzi we-distillation we-multi-effect ikakhulukazi ibhekisela ekongiweni kwamandla, lapho amandla ashisayo angasetshenziswa izikhathi eziningi.Ingxenye eyinhloko yokukhipha ama-endotoxins emshinini wamanzi wokuhluza i-steam-water separator.