I-Mineral Water Production Ultrafiltration System
I-Ultrafiltration iyindlela yokuhlunga ulwelwesi oluhlukanisa izinto ngokusekelwe kusayizi nesisindo samangqamuzana.Kubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwe-membrane evumela ukuthi ama-molecule amancane ne-solvent idlule ngenkathi igcina ama-molecule amakhulu nezinhlayiya.
Ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene, i-ultrafiltration isetshenziselwa ukuhlanzwa nokugxilisa izixazululo ze-macromolecular, ikakhulukazi izixazululo zamaprotheni.Ivamise ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amakhemikhali nemithi, ekulungiseni ukudla neziphuzo, nasekuhlanzeni amanzi angcolile.Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zihlose ukuvuselela izinsiza, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, nokususa ukungcola.
Ukwengeza, i-ultrafiltration ibalulekile ku-dialysis yegazi, inqubo yezokwelapha esetshenziselwa ukususa imikhiqizo engcolile kanye noketshezi okweqile egazini ezigulini ezinokukhubazeka kwezinso.Ngokuhlunga ngokukhetha izinto eziyingozi kuyilapho kugcinwa izingxenye ezibalulekile, i-ultrafiltration idlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni inhlalakahle yabantu abadinga ukwelashwa kwe-dialysis.
Sekukonke, i-ultrafiltration ihlinzeka ngezindlela ezisebenzayo zokuhlukanisa nokuhlanza emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, ukuthuthukisa izinqubo, nokuba negalelo emiphumeleni engcono kukho kokubili izicelo zezimboni nezokwelapha.
I-Ultrafiltration idlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi okuphuza, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yamanzi eJalimane.Ngomthamo we-300 m3 / h, i-ultrafiltration isetshenziselwa ukususa izinhlayiya nama-macromolecules emanzini aluhlaza, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezidingekayo zamanzi okuphuza.
I-Ultrafiltration ingasetshenziswa njengohlelo oluzimele ezifundeni ezingazodwa ezibhekana nokukhula kwenani labantu noma njengokungena esikhundleni sezinhlelo ezikhona zokuhlunga ezikhungweni zokuhlanza amanzi.Uma usebenzisana namanzi aqukethe amazinga aphezulu okuqinile okumisiwe, ukwelashwa okuyisisekelo nesesibili njengokuhlola, ukuntanta, nokuhlunga kuhlanganiswe nokuhlunga njengezigaba zokwelashwa kwangaphambili.
Izinqubo ze-UF zinikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa kunezindlela zokwelapha zendabuko.Awadingi amakhemikhali ngaphandle nje kwezinhloso zokuhlanza, ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamanzi okuphuza angenawo amakhemikhali.Izinga lomkhiqizo lihlala linjalo kungakhathaliseki izinga lamanzi okuphakelayo, livumela umthombo onokwethenjelwa wamanzi aphuzwayo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, usayizi ohlangene wezitshalo ze-UF uzenza zilungele izilungiselelo ezahlukahlukene.
Enye yamandla ayisihluthulelo e-ultrafiltration yikhono layo lokudlula izindinganiso zokulawula ikhwalithi yamanzi.Ngokusebenza kahle kokususa okungama-90-100% kumagciwane, i-UF iqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi ahlanzekile aphephile ukuthi angasetshenziswa.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinqubo ze-UF zibhekana nezinselele ezihlobene nokungcoliswa kwe-membrane nokushintshwa, okungabiza kakhulu.Ukuze unciphise le nkinga, ukwelashwa okwengeziwe kwangaphambili kwamanzi okuphakelayo kuyadingeka ukuze kugwenywe umonakalo omkhulu kumayunithi we-membrane.
Ezimweni eziningi, i-ultrafiltration isetshenziswa njengesinyathelo sokuhlunga ngaphambilini ezitshalweni ze-reverse osmosis (RO).Ngokuvikela ulwelwesi lwe-RO ekonakalisweni nasekulimaleni, i-UF isiza ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle nokuhlala isikhathi eside kwenqubo yokuhlanza amanzi iyonke.
Sekukonke, i-ultrafiltration iyindlela ephumelelayo nesetshenziswa kabanzi yokukhiqiza amanzi okuphuza aphephile, enikeza izinzuzo ezifana nokungasebenzisi amakhemikhali, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ephezulu ngokuqhubekayo, kanye nekhono lokudlula izindinganiso zokulawula.
I-Ultrafiltration (UF) isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yobisi, ikakhulukazi ekucutshungulweni kwe-cheese whey ukuze kutholwe i-whey protein concentrate (WPC) kanye ne-lactose-rich permeate.Esigabeni esisodwa, i-UF ingagxilisa i-whey izikhathi ezingu-10-30 uma iqhathaniswa nokuphakelayo kokuqala.
Ngaphambilini, ukushisisa isitimu okulandelwa ukomiswa kwesigubhu noma ukomiswa kwesifutho kwakungenye indlela yokuhlungwa kwe-membrane ye-whey.Kodwa-ke, lezi zindlela ziholele emikhiqizweni enezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinomkhawulo ngenxa yokuthungwa kwayo okuyizicucu kanye nokungancibiliki.Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zindlela zazinokwakheka komkhiqizo okungahambisani, imali enkulu kanye nezindleko zokusebenza, futhi ngokuvamile zikhipha amanye amaprotheni ngenxa yokushisa okukhulu okusetshenziselwa ukomisa.
Ngokuphambene, izinqubo ze-UF zewhey kashizi zinikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa kunezindlela zendabuko:
Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okuthuthukisiwe: Izinqubo ze-UF zidinga amandla amancane uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokushisisa isitimu nezindlela zokomisa.
Ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo engaguquki: Ngokuya ngezimo zokusebenza, izinqubo ze-UF zingaveza amaprotheni e-whey agxile ekugxilweni kwamaprotheni asuka ku-35% kuya ku-80%.Lokhu kuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo engaguquki.
Ukulondolozwa kobuqotho bamaprotheni: Izinqubo ze-UF zisebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezimaphakathi, okusiza ukuvimbela ukuguquguquka kwamaprotheni.Ngenxa yalokho, amaprotheni aku-whey concentrate ahlala eqinile futhi agcina ukusebenza kwawo.
Kodwa-ke, izinqubo ze-UF zewhey kashizi zibhekana nezinselele ezihlobene nokungcoliswa, ezinganciphisa kakhulu umkhiqizo.I-cheese whey iqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-calcium phosphate, okungase kuholele ekufakweni kwesikali endaweni yolwelwesi.Ukuze kubhekwane nalokhu, izinyathelo zokwelapha zangaphambi kwesikhathi ziyadingeka ukuze kulinganiswe i-pH nezinga lokushisa lokuphakelayo, ukuqinisekisa ukunyibilika kukasawoti we-calcium.
Kafushane, izinqubo ze-UF ziguqule ukugcwala kwamaprotheni embonini yobisi, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizweni kwe-whey protein.Banikeza ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo engaguquki, kanye nokugcinwa kobuqotho bamaprotheni.Kodwa-ke, izinyathelo kufanele zithathwe ukuvimbela ukungcola okubangelwa amadiphozithi e-calcium phosphate.
I-Ultrafiltration (UF) inezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ngale kwemboni yobisi.Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezengeziwe zifaka:
Ukuhlunga ukungcola kumshini wokugaya amaphepha: I-UF ingasusa ngempumelelo izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, i-lignin, nokunye ukungcola emanzini akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza komshini wephepha, okusiza ukuhlangabezana nemithetho yemvelo nokukhiqiza amanzi ahlanzekile ukuze aphinde asetshenziswe noma akhishwe.
Ukwenziwa kukashizi: I-UF isetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kukashizi ukugxilisa amaprotheni obisi futhi isuse amanzi amaningi, okuholela ekubeni kube nephrotheni ephezulu kushizi.Le nqubo ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ubisi oluhlungiwe.
Ukususwa kwamanye amagciwane obisini: I-UF ingasetshenziswa ukususa amagciwane, izinhlamvu, namaseli e-somatic obisini oluluhlaza, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi yobisi kanye nokwandisa impilo yeshalofu.
Inqubo kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile: I-UF isetshenziswa ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene ukuze kuhlukaniswe futhi kukhishwe izinto eziqinile, ama-colloid, nama-macromolecules emifudlaneni yamanzi angcolile.Kuyindlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa okuqinile okumisiwe kanye nokungcola kwemvelo, okuholela emanzini ahlanzekile ukuze aphinde asetshenziswe noma akhishwe.
Ukutholwa kwama-enzyme: I-UF ingasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlukaniswe futhi kubuyiselwe ama-enzyme emihluzweni yokuvubela noma eminye imithombo.Le nqubo ivumela ukuhlanzwa kanye nokugxila kwama-enzyme, okwenza ukuthi asetshenziswe ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene, njengokudla, imithi, kanye nama-biofuels.
Ukugxiliswa kwejusi yezithelo nokucaciswa: I-UF isetshenziselwa ukugxilisa amajusi ezithelo ngokususa amanzi nokunciphisa umthamo, okuholela ekuhlanganiseni okuphezulu kokuqinile kwezithelo zemvelo kanye nama-flavour.Ukwengeza, i-UF ingacacisa amajusi ezithelo ngokususa okuqinile okumisiwe kanye namafu, okuholela kumkhiqizo ocacile futhi obukeka kakhudlwana.
I-Dialysis nokunye ukwelashwa kwegazi: I-UF isetshenziswa kakhulu ku-dialysis nasezinqubweni zokwelashwa kwegazi ukuze kukhishwe udoti, uketshezi oluningi, nobuthi egazini.Amandla olwelwesi lwe-UF okuhlunga ngokukhetha ama-molecule asekelwe kusayizi avumela ukukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi kuyilapho kugcinwa izingxenye ezibalulekile egazini.
Ukukhipha usawoti kanye nokushintshisana nge-solvent kwamaprotheni (nge-diafiltration): I-UF ingasetshenziselwa ukukhipha usawoti kanye nokushintshisana nge-solvent yamaprotheni.Le nqubo ihilela ukukhishwa kukasawoti ezixazululweni zamaphrotheni kanye nokushintshanisa isincibilikisi siye endaweni oyithandayo noma isixazululo.
Ukwenziwa kwebanga laselabhorethri: I-UF ivame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokucwaninga ukuze kugxilwe, kuhlanzwe, futhi kuhlukaniswe ama-biomolecules, njengamaprotheni, ama-enzyme, nama-nucleic acid.Kuyithuluzi elibalulekile ocwaningweni nasekukhiqizeni ngezinga laselabhorethri.
I-Radiocarbon dating ye-bone collagen: I-UF idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhishweni nasekuhlanzweni kwe-collagen kumasampuli amathambo e-archaeological for dating radiocarbon.Inqubo ivumela ukususwa kwezinto eziphazamisayo, ukuqinisekisa imiphumela enembe kakhulu futhi enokwethenjelwa yokuqomisana.
